What Is Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the ovaries, which are part of the female reproductive system. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone. It often goes undetected until it has spread within the pelvis and abdomen, making early detection critical for better outcomes.
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Ovarian Cancer Statistics In Singapore
According to the Singapore Cancer Registry Annual Report 2021, ovarian cancer ranks as the 6th most common cancers affecting women in Singapore. It is also the 6th most frequent cause of cancer deaths in women from 2017 to 2021. It is particularly prevalent among women aged 40 to 60, though younger women can also be affected.
Who Is Affected By Ovarian Cancer?
It can affect women of all ages, but the risk increases with age. Women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer, or those with inherited genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, are at a higher risk. Other factors include endometriosis, infertility, and hormone replacement therapy.
Symptoms And Causes
Symptoms
- Persistent abdominal bloating.
- Pelvic or abdominal pain.
- Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly.
- Frequent or urgent urination.
- Fatigue.
- Back pain.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation.
Causes
- Genetic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
- Family history of ovarian or breast cancer.
- Hormonal imbalances.
- Ageing.
- Personal history of endometriosis.
Medical Conditions That Increase Ovarian Cancer Risk
- Endometriosis: This condition, where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, is linked to an increased risk of this cancer.
- Genetic Syndromes: Inherited conditions such as Lynch syndrome and mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 significantly elevate the risk.
Diagnosis And Tests
- Pelvic Examination: A routine check to feel for abnormalities in the ovaries or uterus.
- Imaging Tests: Ultrasound or CT scans can help detect ovarian masses.
- Blood Tests: The CA-125 blood test measures a protein often elevated in ovarian cancer.
- Biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken to confirm the diagnosis.
Stages
Ovarian cancer is classified into four stages:
- Stage I: Cancer is confined to one or both ovaries.
- Stage II: Cancer has spread to the pelvis.
- Stage III: Cancer has spread to the abdomen or lymph nodes.
- Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant organs such as the liver or lungs.
Treatment
- Surgery: Removal of one or both ovaries, fallopian tubes, and sometimes the uterus.
- Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth.
- Targeted Therapy: Focuses on specific molecules involved in cancer growth.
- Hormone Therapy: Blocks hormones that fuel cancer growth.
- Immunotherapy: Helps the immune system fight cancer.
Prevention
- Genetic Testing: Women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer may consider genetic testing.
- Oral Contraceptives: Long-term use has been shown to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.
- Healthy Lifestyle: Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking may help lower risk.
- Prophylactic Surgery: Women at high genetic risk may consider preventive surgery.
Schedule A Health Screening
Regular health screenings are crucial for detecting cancer at an early stage. For those seeking cost-effective options, below are health screening packages in Singapore and Malaysia that include CA-125 blood test.
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FAQs About Ovarian Cancer
Is it hereditary?
Yes, genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 can increase the risk.
Can it be detected early?
Early detection is challenging as symptoms are often vague. Regular health screenings can help.
What are the survival rates?
Survival rates depend on the stage at diagnosis. Early-stage cancer has a higher survival rate.
Are there any lifestyle changes to reduce risk?
A healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking may help reduce the risk.
Related Articles On Health365
- Women’s Cancers – Risks, Symptoms And Treatment In Singapore
- Breast Cancer
- Cervical Cancer
- Ovarian Cancer
- Uterine Cancer
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This article is informative only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and should never be relied upon for specific medical advice.