Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a highly prevalent virus that affects over 80% of men and women at some point in their lives. Fortunately, it is both preventable and manageable with the right measures. Vaccination, regular screening, and safe practices are essential to mitigating the risks associated with HPV. In this article, we will provide a detailed overview of HPV in Singapore.
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What is HPV?
HPV is a group of over 200 related viruses, some of which can cause health problems such as warts and certain types of cancer. The virus is typically transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact, including sexual activity. While many HPV infections resolve on their own without causing harm, some strains can lead to serious health complications.
Common HPV Symptoms
- Genital warts: Small, flesh-coloured or cauliflower-like growths in the genital or anal area.
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding: Unusual bleeding after intercourse or between periods.
- Persistent sore throat: Hoarseness or throat pain, potentially linked to HPV in the throat.
- Itching or pain in the anal area: Discomfort or lumps around the anus.
- Unusual vaginal discharge: Watery or foul-smelling discharge linked to cervical changes.
Types of HPV
HPV can be broadly classified into two categories:
- Low-risk HPV: These strains may cause warts but are not associated with cancer.
- High-risk HPV: These strains can lead to cancers such as cervical, anal, throat, and penile cancer.
Prevalence of HPV in Singapore
In Singapore, HPV is one of the common sexually transmitted infections. In a study by the Singapore General Hospital (SGH), it is reported that one in 10 healthy women here is infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) and in the 900 women participants, it was most common in those aged between 20 and 24.
Despite its prevalence, many people remain unaware of their infection status, as HPV often does not present symptoms until complications arise.
Why is HPV a Concern?
HPV is particularly concerning due to its link to cervical cancer, which is one of the common cancers affecting women in Singapore. According to the Singapore Cancer Registry Annual Report 2021, cervical cancer ranks as the tenth most common cause of cancer deaths from 2017 to 2021 in the country. High-risk HPV strains, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are responsible for more than 70% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide.
Preventing HPV
Preventive measures are essential to reduce the risk of HPV infection and its associated complications. Here are some key strategies:
1. Vaccination
The HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing infections caused by the most common high-risk and low-risk HPV strains. In Singapore, the Ministry of Health recommends HPV vaccination for girls aged 9 to 26 years, and the vaccine is included in the National Childhood Immunisation Schedule (NCIS).Â
2. Regular Screening
For women, regular cervical screening through Pap smears or HPV tests can help detect abnormal cell changes early, allowing for timely intervention.Â
3. Safe Practices
Practising safe sexual behaviours, such as using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners, can reduce the risk of HPV transmission. However, it is important to note that condoms do not provide complete protection against HPV, as the virus can infect areas not covered by a condom.
Treatment for HPV-Related Conditions
While there is no cure for HPV itself, the health issues it causes can often be treated effectively. For instance:
- Genital warts can be managed with topical medications, cryotherapy, or surgical removal.
- Cervical pre-cancers detected through screening can be treated to prevent progression to cancer.
- Cancers caused by HPV require specific treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the type and stage of cancer.
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This article is informative only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and should never be relied upon for specific medical advice.