Colon & rectal cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is a cancer that starts in the colon or rectum. It usually begins as a non-cancerous tissue growth (polyp) on the inner portions of the colon or rectum, turning cancerous over time if it remains undetected. Colon & rectal cancer typically begins in the large intestine in the form of benign cell clumps, and some of these later may become cancerous. Early discovery of polyps before they develop into malignant growth can allow for earlier treatment and even possibly prevent cancer from developing. Cancer cells can potentially spread to other parts of the body if left untreated for an extended period (metastasis).
Colon & Rectal Cancer Singapore Statistics
Colon & rectal cancer is a top cancer in Singapore. It is the 2nd most most frequently occurring cancer for men and women for the period 2018-2022, according to Singapore Cancer Registry Annual Report 2022. The data in the report also indicates that this cancer is the second most common cause of death in cancer patients. Therefore, understanding the risk factors, prevention techniques, and treatment options is important for early detection and better outcomes from colorectal cancer treatment.
According to Healthhub, “the age-standardised incidences of colon & rectal cancer in Singapore are among the highest in the world. In particular, male Chinese Singaporeans have the dubious honour of having the highest age-standardised incidence of rectal cancer in the world”, and “male Chinese Singaporeans are, particularly at risk”. Furthermore, the “majority of colorectal cancers arise from adenomatous polyps. Malignant transformation of adenomatous polyps (adenoma-carcinoma sequence) takes 5 to 10 years via multiple gene mutations. Adenomatous polyps are relatively asymptomatic. They are present in up to 25% of individuals at age 50 and the prevalence increases with age. Most polyps (90%) can be removed at colonoscopy, thereby precluding the need for surgery”.
Causes Of Colon & Rectal Cancer & Risk Factors
The exact causes of colon & rectal cancer are still unknown. However, some of the known risk factors of colon & rectal cancer include:
- Family history of the cancer
- Lack of nutritional diet
- Inactive lifestyle
- Age over 50
- Other diseases like diabetes and obesity
Symptoms Of Colon & Rectal Cancer
Colon & rectal cancer often does not manifest symptoms in the early stages. Without screening, the disease may be missed until it has progressed. When symptoms do appear, they may include:
- Disruption in the bowel movement
- Consistent diarrhea and constipation
- Recurrent bowel movements with blood in them
- Pain or cramping in the lower abdomen, as well as gas or bloating
- Fatigue or a feeling of exhaustion
- Gastrointestinal insufficiency
- Sudden weight loss
Screening & Prevention
People over the age of 50 are at a higher risk of colon & rectal cancer. Therefore, most doctors suggest screening for adults with the abovementioned risk factors for people over 45. However, those with a family history of colon cancer should opt for screening early.
Each screening method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Your doctor can help you make an informed decision regarding the appropriateness of specific tests by discussing your options.
Singapore health practitioners suggest colonoscopy or Faecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) for men and women over 50. An early indicator of the cancer can be detected by the FIT test, which screens for concealed blood in the stool. The gold standard for colon & rectal cancer detection however, is a colonoscopy. A colonoscopy allows your doctor to look for unusual growths (polyps) on your intestinal lining using an endoscope. Any polyps discovered may be removed for biopsy and analysis, and also to prevent them from developing into cancerous growths.
Learn More: Colon & Rectal Cancer Screening >>
Colon & Rectal Cancer Treatments
A doctor can determine the best course of action for colon & rectal cancer treatment after determining the stage of the disease. The treatment options can include:
- Surgery
- Radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Immunotherapy
Costs
Learn More: Cost of Colonoscopy And Colon & Rectal Cancer Treatment In Singapore >>
Survival Rate
In the early-stages, the cancer has an 84 and 86% survival rate for men and women, respectively. However, the survival rate drops drastically, about 10-11% for both genders, if the colon cancer progresses to stage IV (based on 2011-2015 data).
Contact Us For An Appointment
Learn More:
Guide To Finding The Best Colorectal Surgeon In Singapore >>
Guide To Finding The Best Gastroenterologist In Singapore >>
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FAQs
What is the difference between rectal and colon cancer?
Colon cancer forms in the colon (i.e. longest part of the large intestine). On the other hand, rectal cancer forms in the tissues of the rectum (the last several inches of the large intestine closes to the anus. These cancers affect the digestive system.
Is Colon & Rectal cancer curable?
The cancer is highly treatable and often curable when localised to the intestines or rectum. Surgery is the primary form of treatment and results in cure approximately 50% of the time. Recurrence following surgery is often the ultimate cause of death.
Is bowel preparation for colonoscopy unpleasant?
Colonoscopy preparation is now much improved. Patients will take medications the day before to help them empty their bowels so that the doctor can get a clear view of the colon. Fasting is required prior to the procedure. Drinks that are red or orange should be avoided as they may be mistaken by the doctor for blood during the colonoscopy.
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This article is informative only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and should never be relied upon for specific medical advice.