Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death among women in Singapore, with various types of cancers affecting females in different ways. Early detection and preventive measures are essential to reduce the impact of this disease. In this guide, we will focus on the five most common types of cancers that affect women in Singapore, providing information on their symptoms, causes, screening options, treatment, and more. Understanding these cancers in detail can help women be more proactive in their health management, especially in relation to cancer female cases in Singapore.
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1. Breast Cancer
What is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the breast. It can occur in both men and women, but it is far more common in women. The cancer typically begins in the milk ducts or lobules of the breast.
Statistics of Breast Cancer in Singapore
According to the Singapore Cancer Registry Annual Report 2021, breast cancer (29.7% of cancer in females) remains the most common cancer among women in Singapore. It is also the most common cause of cancer deaths among females in Singapore, accounting for 17.3% of cancer deaths in females.
Symptoms and Causes
Common symptoms include:
- A persistent lump or thickening in the breast or armpit area.
- A newly retracted nipple.
- A change in the colour or skin of the breast, areola or nipple.
- Bloody nipple discharge.
- A change in the size or shape of the breast.
Screening and Prevention
Regular mammograms are the most effective screening method for detecting breast cancer in its early stages. Women over 50 are advised to undergo mammograms every two years. Preventive measures include maintaining a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, and reducing alcohol consumption.
How Do Healthcare Providers Stage Breast Cancer?
Healthcare providers use a combination of physical exams, imaging tests, and biopsies to determine the stage of breast cancer. The stages range from 0 (in situ) to IV (advanced), depending on the size of the tumour and whether cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Treatment
Treatment options for breast cancer may include:
- Surgery.
- Radiation Therapy.
- Chemotherapy.
- Hormonal Therapy.
- Targeted Therapy.
Treatment depends on the cancer’s stage and type.
2. Cervical Cancer
What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer is the 11th most common cancer among women in Singapore. It develops in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is most often caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
Symptoms and Causes
Early stages of cervical cancer may not show any symptoms. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:
- Blood splotches or intermittent mild bleeding.
- An unusually long and heavy menstrual period
- Bleeding after sex, douching, or a pelvic exam
- HPV infection: the leading cause of cervical cancer.
Screening and Prevention
Pap smears and HPV testing are the most common screening methods for cervical cancer. The Ministry of Health recommends regular Pap smears for women aged 25 to 69. Vaccination against HPV is also an effective preventive measure.
Treatment
Treatment of cervical cancer may involve:
- Surgery.
- Chemotherapy.
- Radiation Therapy.
- Immunotherapy.
Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer.
3. Ovarian Cancer
What is Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer is the 6th most common cancer in women in Singapore according to the Singapore Cancer Registry 2021. It starts in the ovaries, which are part of the female reproductive system. It is often referred to as a “silent killer” because symptoms are usually subtle and can be mistaken for other conditions.
Symptoms and Causes
Symptoms of ovarian cancer may include:
- Pelvic pain or pressure in the lower abdomen.
- Bloating of the abdomen.
- Feeling full when eating.
- Frequent urination or urgency.
- Constipation of diarrhea.
Screening and Prevention
Currently, there is no standard screening test for ovarian cancer. Women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer may consider genetic testing.
How Do Healthcare Providers Stage Ovarian Cancer?
Staging is based on the extent of the tumour’s spread within the ovaries, to other organs in the abdomen, and to distant parts of the body. This is typically determined through imaging tests and surgical exploration.
Treatment
Treatment of ovarian cancer may involve:
- Surgery.
- Chemotherapy.
- Targeted Therapy.
4. Uterine Cancer
What is Uterine Cancer?
Uterine cancer, also known as endometrial cancer, begins in the lining of the uterus. It is the fourth most common cancer in women.
Symptoms and Causes
Symptoms may include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, heavy bleeding during periods, or bleeding after menopause.
- Pelvic pain or discomfort.
- Pain during sexual intercourse.
- Unintended weight loss.
Screening and Prevention
There are currently no routine screening tests for uterine cancer, but women experiencing abnormal bleeding should consult a doctor. Preventive measures include maintaining a healthy weight and managing oestrogen levels through medication or lifestyle changes.
Treatment
Treatment options for uterine cancer may include:
- Surgery.
- Chemotherapy.
- Radiation Therapy.
- Hormone Therapy.
Treatment depends on the cancer’s stage.
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5 FAQs About Women’s Cancers
- What are the early signs of breast cancer?
Early signs may include a lump in the breast, changes in breast shape or size, or unusual discharge from the nipple. It is important to get checked by a doctor if any changes occur. - Can cervical cancer be prevented?
Yes, regular screening through Pap smears and HPV vaccination can help prevent cervical cancer by detecting precancerous changes and preventing HPV infection. - How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?
Ovarian cancer is typically diagnosed through a combination of pelvic examinations, blood tests, and imaging tests such as ultrasounds. - Is uterine cancer treatable?
Yes, uterine cancer is treatable, particularly when detected early. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, depending on the cancer stage.
Related Articles On Health365
- Women’s Cancers – Risks, Symptoms And Treatment In Singapore
- Breast Cancer
- Cervical Cancer
- Ovarian Cancer
- Uterine Cancer
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This article is informative only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and should never be relied upon for specific medical advice.