Ovarian cancer is the 6th most common cancer affecting women in Singapore. Early detection and effective treatment play a crucial role in improving outcomes. In this article, we will provide an overview of ovarian cancer marker, screening methods, treatment options, and preventive measures.
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Screening For Ovarian Cancer
Certain tools can aid in monitoring ovarian cancer in high-risk individuals, such as women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer or those carrying BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations.
1. Blood Test
Blood tests for ovarian cancer markers are a key component of screening strategies, particularly for individuals at higher risk. These markers include:
- CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125): Elevated levels of CA-125 can indicate ovarian cancer, but it is not specific to the disease. It is more useful in monitoring known cases or in combination with other tests.
- HE4 (Human Epididymis Protein 4): Often used alongside CA-125 to improve diagnostic accuracy, especially in differentiating between benign and malignant ovarian masses.
- ROMA (Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm): Combines CA-125 and HE4 levels with menopausal status to assess the likelihood of ovarian cancer.
- Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH): These markers are used in specific cases, such as certain types of ovarian germ cell tumours.
What Are Ovarian Cancer Markers?
Ovarian cancer markers are substances, often proteins, found in the blood or tissues that may indicate the presence of ovarian cancer. The most well-known marker is CA-125 (cancer antigen 125). Elevated levels of CA-125 can suggest ovarian cancer, although it is not entirely specific, as other conditions such as endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease may also cause increased levels.
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2. Ultrasound
Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVUS) is commonly used to visualise the ovaries and detect abnormalities. This non-invasive test can help identify masses or cysts that may require further investigation.
3. Imaging Tests
Imaging techniques such as CT scans, MRI, or PET scans may be employed to obtain detailed views of the pelvic region. These tests are often used to assess the extent of the disease and guide treatment planning.
Treatment Options For Ovarian Cancer
The treatment of ovarian cancer typically involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Early-stage cancers are more manageable, underscoring the importance of timely diagnosis.
- Surgery: The primary treatment involves removing the tumour, often including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. In advanced cases, debulking surgery aims to remove as much of the tumour as possible.
- Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to destroy cancer cells or prevent their growth. Chemotherapy is often administered after surgery.
- Targeted Therapy: Advanced treatments like PARP inhibitors are used for cancers with specific genetic mutations, such as BRCA.
- Radiation Therapy: Less commonly used, but may be considered in certain cases.
Preventive Measures
While ovarian cancer cannot always be prevented, several steps can reduce risk:
- Regular Check-ups: Routine gynaecological visits are essential for early detection.
- Family History Awareness: Women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer should consider genetic counselling and testing.
- Oral Contraceptives: Long-term use has been associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer.
- Healthy Lifestyle: Maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking may lower overall cancer risk.
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Related Articles On Health365
- Women’s Cancers – Risks, Symptoms And Treatment In Singapore
- Breast Cancer
- Cervical Cancer
- Ovarian Cancer
- Uterine Cancer
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This article is informative only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and should never be relied upon for specific medical advice.